At the times of Jesus Christ:   
    Jesus Christ, Sadducees (priests, the rich, the politicians), Pharisees (scribes, writers, rabbis), Herodians, Essenes, Zealots, Samaritan Sect, Sanhedrin, Publicans (Jews tax-collectors), Gentiles.
    Immediately After Christ:
    Christians, Ebonite, Nazareans or Nazarenes, Simonians, Cerintheians, Judaizers, Circumcisers, Nicolaitans, the "Synagogue of Satan", the "Throne of Satan", the "doctrine of Balaam", Docetism, Gnosticism, Neo-Gnosticism, Agnosticism.
    Judaism from the Second Century to Present:
    Rabbinic Judaism, Anti-rabbinic reactions, Karaites, the Geonim, Sephardim and Ashkenazim, Jewish Mysticism, Kabala, Hasidism, Gnosticism, Haskala or  Enlightenment, Zionism

Jewish ethnic divisions: Ashkenazi · Sephardi · Mizrahi

    - Ashkenazi: Karl Marx • Albert Einstein • Sigmund Freud • George Gershwin • Golda Meir • Joseph Stiglitz • Baal Shem Tov• Anne Frank

    - Sephardi: Maimonides • Baruch Spinoza • Isaac Abrabanel

    - Mizrahi: are Jews descended from the Jewish communities of the Middle East. Included in the Mizrahi category are Jews from the Arab world, as well as other communities from other Muslim countries, including Georgian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Persian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Syrian Jews, Lebanese Jews, Mountain Jews, Yemenite Jews, Indian Jews (including many of Iraqi descent), Maghrebi Jews, Berber Jews and Kurdish Jews. Despite their heterogeneous origins, Jews from these areas generally practice traditional Sephardic Judaism,

Karl Marx • Albert Einstein • Sigmund Freud • George Gershwin • Golda Meir • Joseph Stiglitz • Baal Shem Tov• Anne Frank

 

    Judaism Today:    Jewish ethnic divisions: Ashkenazi · Sephardi · Mizrahi
    - In the USA, Orthodox, Chasidim, Reform, Conservative, Reconstrucionist, Jews for Jesus-Messianic Judaism, Traditional, Humanistic, Gay/Lesbian, Karaite Groups
    - In Israel, World Jewish Population, Links   

    Sephardic Judaism is the practice of Judaism as observed by the Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews, so far as it is peculiar to themselves and not shared with other Jewish groups such as the Ashkenazim. Sephardic Judaism does not constitute a separate denomination within Judaism, but rather a separate cultural tradition.

Some Outstanding Jewish Theologians:
    Rabbeinu Gershom Me'or HaGolah - RaSh'i, Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchak - Ramba'm, Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (Maimonides) - Rada"k, Rabbi Dovid Kimchi - Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem Tov, - The Vilna Gaon, Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna - The Chayei Adam, Rabbi Avraham Danzig - The Chasam Sofer, Rabbi Moshe Sofer - The Ben Ish Chai, Chacham Yosef Chaim - Rabbi Moshe
    Biblical Jewish Theologians: Every Writer of the Bible!  
    - Moses is the representative of the Law and Elijah of the Prophets, as seen on Mount Tabor in the Transfiguration of Mat.17.
    - Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Samuel, Kings, Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Tobit, Judith, Esther, Maccabees,  Wisdom, Prophets, Elijah and Elisha... Jews-Christians in the NT 

    (From "Saddoc", the High Priest in times of David), were the followers of Simon Maccabee, the Leader-and-High Priest:
    - The priests, the rich, and the politicians, who cooperated with Rome; all High Priests, like Annas and Caiaphas were Sadducees.

    They accepted only the Torah, ruled out the coming of the Messiah to deliver them from their captors, rejected angels, demons, miracles, and the bodily resurrection at the end of the world.
    Among them, there were 2 groups:
        1- The "Shammai" believed that the righteous would enjoy eternal life and the wicked would suffer eternal damnation.
        2- The "Hillel" believed that the wicked would return to eternal life after having been purged by fire in hell.

    ("Separated ones"), were followers of Judas Maccabee:
    The scribes (writers) and rabbis (teachers), Hasids. St. Paul was a Pharisee (Act.23:6).

    They believed in the Torah and the oral tradition, the messianic liberation of Israel, the bodily resurrection in the Last Judgment. Strict observant of the Law. They supported the Synagogue, sat in the front sits.... and after the destruction of the Temple, in 70 AC, they became the principal leaders of Judaism... They created the actual "rabbinic system", with the Talmud, centered in the synagogue...

    They were hated by the Priests, because the Pharisees were laymen who looked more religious than the Priests...

    The "Hasids" were the early "pious ones" who supported the Maccabees.

4- Herodians:

    It was a political party supported by Herod Antipas who cooperated with Rome. If the Sadducees were the religious power, the Herodians were the political power.

    A small minority, living around the Dead See a monastic life. They left us the precious Dead See Scrolls found in 1947-48. Some scholars believe that John the Baptist was an Essene.

    Founded at the death of Herod the Great (6 BC), as a militantly anti- Roman, and pro-Torah organization, defenders of a pure Judaism. In 66 AC, at Masada, more than 900 of them committed suicide rather than surrender to the Roman siege. Judas was a Zealot.

    A small group in Samaria, who rejected Jerusalem as the center of worship and instead worshiped at Mount Gerizim. It is the only group who today remain faithful to the Torah, with priests, altars and sacrifices.

    The supreme council of the Jews, with 71 members, included the presiding High Priest in office. Composed by the "priests" from the Sadducees, the "scribes" from the Pharisees, and the "elders" from the rich families.

    The Jews tax-collectors, that too often abused of their power, hated by everybody, especially by the Pharisees. St. Matthew and Zacchaeus were Publicans.

    "People" from any other nation out of Israel. Those who were not Jews. The first mission of the Apostles excluded the Gentiles from its scope (Matt.10:5).